By: Romer
L. Tangi
Argel Dela Pena
To: Sir Angelo Basilio
Flowers around the world
Martes, Oktubre 2, 2012
Flower (Introduction)
Flower
In addition to facilitating the reproduction of flowering plants, flowers have long been admired and used by humans A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants(plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction,
usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs.
Flowers may facilitateoutcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from
different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm
and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization(parthenocarpy). Flowerscontain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers
have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.to beautify their environment, and also as objects of romance, ritual, religion, medicine and as a source of food.
Diagram showing the main parts of a mature flower
Morphology
A
stereotypical flower consists of four kinds of structures attached to
the tip of a short stalk. Each of these kinds of parts is arranged in a whorl on the receptacle. The four main whorls (starting from the base of the flower or lowest node and working upwards) are as follows:
· Calyx: the outermost whorl consisting of units called sepals;
these are typically green and enclose the restof the flower in the bud
stage, however, they can be absent or prominent and petal-like in some
species.
· Corolla: the next whorl toward the apex, composed of units called petals, which are typically thin, softand colored to attract animals that help the process of pollination.
· Androecium (from Greek andros oikia: man's house): the next whorl (sometimes multiplied into severalwhorls), consisting of units called stamens. Stamens consist of two parts: a stalk called a filament,topped by an antherwhere pollen is produced by meiosis and eventually dispersed.
· Gynoecium (from Greek gynaikos oikia: woman's house): the innermost whorl of a flower, consisting ofone or more units called carpels. The carpel or
multiple fused carpels form a hollow structure called an ovary, which
produces ovules internally. Ovules are megasporangia and they in turn
produce megaspores by meiosis which develop into female gametophytes.
These give rise to egg cells. The gynoecium of a flower is also
described using an alternative terminology wherein the structure one
sees in the innermost whorl (consisting of an ovary, style and stigma)
is called a pistil. A pistil may consist of a single carpel or a number
of carpels fused together. The sticky tip of the pistil, the stigma, is
the receptor of pollen. The supportive stalk, the style, becomes the
pathway for pollen tubes to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma.
Although
the arrangement described above is considered "typical", plant species
show a wide variation in floral structure. These modifications have
significance in the evolution of flowering plants and are used
extensively by botanists to establish relationships among plant species.
Christmas Lily (Lilium longiflorum). 1. Stigma, 2. Style, 3. Stamens, 4. Filament, 5. Petal
The
four main parts of a flower are generally defined by their positions on
the receptacle and not by their function. Many flowers lack some parts
or parts may be modified into other functions and/or look like what is
typically another part. In some families, like Ranunculaceae,
the petals are greatly reduced and in many species the sepals are
colorful and petal-like. Other flowers have modified stamens that are
petal-like, the double flowers of Peonies andRoses are mostly petaloid stamens.[1] Flowers
show great variation and plant scientists describe this variation in a
systematic way to identify and distinguish species.
Specific
terminology is used to describe flowers and their parts. Many flower
parts are fused together; fused parts originating from the same whorl
areconnate, while fused parts originating from different whorls are adnate,
parts that are not fused are free. When petals are fused into a tube or
ring that falls away as a single unit, they are sympetalous (also
called gamopetalous.) Connate petals may have distinctive regions: the
cylindrical base is the tube, the expanding region is the throat and the
flaring outer region is the limb. A sympetalous flower, with bilateral
symmetry with an upper and lower lip, is bilabiate. Flowers with connate
petals or sepals may have various shaped corolla or calyx including:
campanulate, funnelform, tubular, urceolate, salverform or rotate. Many
flowers have a symmetry. When the perianth is bisected through the central axis from any point, symmetrical halves are produced, forming aradial symmetry.
These flowers are also known to be actinomorphic or regular, e.g. rose
or trillium. When flowers are bisected and produce only one line that
produces symmetrical halves the flower is said to be irregular or zygomorphic,
e.g. snapdragon or most orchids.Flowers may be directly attached to the
plant at their base (sessile—the supporting stalk or stem is highly
reduced or absent). The stem or stalk subtending a flower is called a peduncle. If a peduncle supports more than one flower, the stems connecting each flower to the main axis are calledpedicels. The apex of a flowering stem forms a terminal swelling which is called the torus or receptacle.
Floral formula
Floral diagram for the genus Nepenthes
A floral formula is
a way to represent the structure of a flower using specific letters,
numbers, and symbols. Typically, a general formula will be used to
represent the flower structure of a plant family rather than a particular species. The following representations are used:
Ca = calyx (sepal whorl; e. g. Ca5 = 5 sepals)
Co = corolla (petal whorl; e. g., Co3(x) = petals some multiple of three )
Z = add if zygomorphic (e. g., CoZ6 = zygomorphic with 6 petals)
A = androecium (whorl of stamens; e. g., A∞ = many stamens)
G = gynoecium (carpel or carpels; e. g., G1 = monocarpous)
x: to represent a "variable number"
∞: to represent "many"
A floral formula would appear something like this:
Ca5Co5A10 - ∞G1
Several additional symbols are sometimes used (see Key to Floral Formulas).
Inflorescence
The familiar calla lily is not a single flower. It is actually an inflorescence of tiny flowers pressed together on a central stalk that is surrounded by a large petal-like bract.
Main article: Inflorescence
In those species that have more than one flower on an axis, the collective cluster of flowers is termed an inflorescence.
Some inflorescences are composed of many small flowers arranged in a
formation that resembles a single flower. The common example of this is
most members of the very large composite (Asteraceae) group. A single daisy or sunflower, for example, is not a flower but a flower head—an inflorescence composed of numerous flowers (or florets).
An inflorescence may include specialized stems and modified leaves known as bracts.
Development
A flower is a modified stem tip with compressed internodes, bearing structures that are highly modified leaves.[2] In essence, a flower develops on a modified shoot or axis from a determinate apical meristem (determinate meaning the axis grows to a set size).
Flowering transition
The transition to flowering is one of the major phase changes that a
plant makes during its life cycle. The transition must take place at a
time that is favorable for fertilization and the formation of seeds, hence interpret important endogenous and environmental cues such as changes in levels of plant hormones andseasonable temperature and photoperiod changes.[3] Many perennial and most biennialplants require vernalization to flower. The molecular interpretation of these signals is through the transmission of a complex signal known as florigen,
which involves a variety of genes, including CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS C
and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Florigen is produced in the leaves in
reproductively favorable conditions and acts in buds and growing tips to induce a number of different physiological and morphological changes.[4] The
first step is the transformation of the vegetative stem primordia into
floral primordia. This occurs as biochemical changes take place to
change cellular differentiation of leaf, bud and stem tissues into
tissue that will grow into the reproductive organs. Growth of the
central part of the stem tip stops or flattens out and the sides develop
protuberances in a whorled or spiral fashion around the outside of the
stem end. These protuberances develop into the sepals, petals, stamens,
and carpels.
Once this process begins, in most plants, it cannot be reversed and the
stems develop flowers, even if the initial start of the flower
formation event was dependent of some environmental cue.[5] Once the process begins, even if that cue is removed the stem will continue to develop a flower.
Organ development
The ABC model of flower development
The
molecular control of floral organ identity determination is fairly well
understood. In a simple model, three gene activities interact in a
combinatorial manner to determine the developmental identities of the
organ primordia within the floral meristem.
These gene functions are called A, B and C-gene functions. In the first
floral whorl only A-genes are expressed, leading to the formation of
sepals. In the second whorl both A- and B-genes are expressed, leading
to the formation of petals. In the third whorl, B and C genes interact
to form stamens and in the center of the flower C-genes alone give rise
to carpels. The model is based upon studies of homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana and snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus.
For example, when there is a loss of B-gene function, mutant flowers
are produced with sepals in the first whorl as usual, but also in the
second whorl instead of the normal petal formation. In the third whorl
the lack of B function but presence of C-function mimics the fourth
whorl, leading to the formation of carpels also in the third whorl. See
also The ABC Model of Flower Development.Most genes central in this model belong to the MADS-box genes and are transcription factors that regulate the expression of the genes specific for each floral organ.
Floral function
An example of a "perfect flower", thisCrateva religiosa flower has both stamens (outer ring) and a pistil (center).
The principal purpose of a flower is the reproduction of the individual and the species. All flowering plants are heterosporous, producing two types of spores.
Microspores are produced by meiosis inside anthers while megaspores are
produced inside ovules, inside an ovary. In fact, anthers typically
consist of four microsporangia and an ovule is an integumented
megasporangium. Both types of spores develop into gametophytes inside
sporangia. As with all heterosporous plants, the gametophytes also
develop inside the spores (are endosporic).
In
the majority of species, individual flowers have both functional
carpels and stamens. These flowers are described by botanists as being perfect orbisexual. Some flowers lack one or the other reproductive organ and called imperfect or unisexual If unisex flowers are found on the same individual plant but in different locations, the species is said to be monoecious. If each type of unisex flower is found only on separate individuals, the plant is dioecious.
Flower specialization and pollination
Further information: Pollination syndrome
Flowering plants usually face selective pressure to optimize the transfer of their pollen,
and this is typically reflected in the morphology of the flowers and
the behaviour of the plants. Pollen may be transferred between plants
via a number of 'vectors'. Some plants make use of abiotic vectors —
namely wind (anemophily) or, much less commonly, water (hydrophily). Others use biotic vectors including insects (entomophily), birds (ornithophily), bats (chiropterophily) or other animals. Some plants make use of multiple vectors, but many are highly specialised.
Cleistogamous flowers are
self pollinated, after which they may or may not open. Many Viola and
some Salvia species are known to have these types of flowers.
The flowers of plants that make use of biotic pollen vectors commonly have glands called nectaries that act as an incentive for animals to visit the flower. Some flowers have patterns, called nectar guides,
that show pollinators where to look for nectar. Flowers also attract
pollinators by scent and color. Still other flowers use mimicry to
attract pollinators. Some species of orchids, for example, produce
flowers resembling female bees in color, shape, and scent. Flowers are
also specialized in shape and have an arrangement of the stamens that
ensures that pollen grains are transferred to the bodies of the
pollinator when it lands in search of its attractant (such as nectar,
pollen, or a mate). In pursuing this attractant from many flowers of the
same species, the pollinator transfers pollen to the stigmas—arranged
with equally pointed precision—of all of the flowers it visits.
Anemophilous flowers use
the wind to move pollen from one flower to the next. Examples include
grasses, birch trees, ragweed and maples. They have no need to attract
pollinators and therefore tend not to be "showy" flowers. Male and
female reproductive organs are generally found in separate flowers, the
male flowers having a number of long filaments terminating in exposed
stamens, and the female flowers having long, feather-like stigmas.
Whereas the pollen of animal-pollinated flowers tends to be
large-grained, sticky, and rich in protein (another
"reward" for pollinators), anemophilous flower pollen is usually
small-grained, very light, and of little nutritional value to animals.
Pollination
Main article: Pollination
Grains of pollen sticking to this bee will be transferred to the next flower it visits
The primary purpose of a flower is reproduction.
Since the flowers are the reproductive organs of plant, they mediate
the joining of the sperm, contained within pollen, to the ovules —
contained in the ovary. Pollination is the movement of pollen from the
anthers to the stigma. The joining of the sperm to the ovules is called
fertilization. Normally pollen is moved from one plant to another, but
many plants are able to self pollinate. The fertilized ovules produce
seeds that are the next generation. Sexual reproduction produces
genetically unique offspring, allowing for adaptation.
Flowers have specific designs which encourages the transfer of pollen
from one plant to another of the same species. Many plants are dependent
upon external factors for pollination, including: wind and animals, and
especially insects. Even large animals such as birds, bats, and pygmy possums can
be employed. The period of time during which this process can take
place (the flower is fully expanded and functional) is called anthesis.
Attraction methods
A Bee orchid has evolved over many generations to better mimic a female bee to attract male bees as pollinators.
Plants
cannot move from one location to another, thus many flowers have
evolved to attract animals to transfer pollen between individuals in
dispersed populations. Flowers that are insect-pollinated are called entomophilous; literally "insect-loving" in Greek. They can be highly modified along with the pollinating insects by co-evolution. Flowers commonly have glands called nectaries on various parts that attract animals looking for nutritious nectar. Birds andbees have color vision, enabling them to seek out "colorful" flowers. Some flowers have patterns, called nectar guides, that show pollinators where to look for nectar; they may be visible only under ultraviolet light, which is visible to bees and some other insects. Flowers also attract pollinators by scent and
some of those scents are pleasant to our sense of smell. Not all flower
scents are appealing to humans; a number of flowers are pollinated by
insects that are attracted to rotten flesh and have flowers that smell
like dead animals, often called Carrion flowers, including Rafflesia, the titan arum, and the North American pawpaw (Asimina triloba).
Flowers pollinated by night visitors, including bats and moths, are
likely to concentrate on scent to attract pollinators and most such
flowers are white.
Still
other flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators. Some species of
orchids, for example, produce flowers resembling female bees in color,
shape, and scent. Male bees move from one such flower to another in
search of a mate.
Pollination mechanism
The
pollination mechanism employed by a plant depends on what method of
pollination is utilized.Most flowers can be divided between two broad
groups of pollination methods:
Entomophilous:
flowers attract and use insects, bats, birds or other animals to
transfer pollen from one flower to the next. Often they are specialized
in shape and have an arrangement of the stamens that ensures that pollen
grains are transferred to the bodies of the pollinator when it lands in
search of its attractant (such as nectar, pollen, or a mate). In
pursuing this attractant from many flowers of the same species, the
pollinator transfers pollen to the stigmas—arranged with equally pointed
precision—of all of the flowers it visits. Many flowers rely on simple
proximity between flower parts to ensure pollination. Others, such as
the Sarracenia or lady-slipper orchids, have elaborate designs to ensure pollination while preventing self-pollination.
A grass flower head (Meadow Foxtail) showing the plain coloured flowers with large anthers.
Anemophilous: flowers use the wind to move pollen from one flower to the next, examples include the grasses,
Birch trees, Ragweed and Maples. They have no need to attract
pollinators and therefore tend not to be "showy" flowers. Whereas the
pollen of entomophilous flowers tends to be large-grained, sticky, and
rich in protein (another
"reward" for pollinators), anemophilous flower pollen is usually
small-grained, very light, and of little nutritional value toinsects, though it may still be gathered in times of dearth. Honeybees and bumblebees actively gather anemophilous corn (maize)
pollen, though it is of little value to them.Some flowers are self
pollinated and use flowers that never open or are self pollinated before
the flowers open, these flowers are called cleistogamous. Many Viola
species and some Salvia have these types of flowers.
Flower-pollinator relationships
Many
flowers have close relationships with one or a few specific pollinating
organisms. Many flowers, for example, attract only one specific species
of insect, and therefore rely on that insect for successful
reproduction. This close relationship is often given as an example of coevolution, as the flower and pollinator are thought to have developed together over a long period of time to match each other's needs.
This close relationship compounds the negative effects of extinction. The extinction of either member in such a relationship would mean almost certain extinction of the other member as well. Some endangered plant species are so because of shrinking pollinator populations.
Fertilization and dispersal
Main article: biological dispersal
Some
flowers with both stamens and a pistil are capable of
self-fertilization, which does increase the chance of producing seeds
but limits genetic variation. The extreme case of self-fertilization
occurs in flowers that always self-fertilize, such as many dandelions.
Conversely, many species of plants have ways of preventing
self-fertilization. Unisexual male and female flowers on the same plant
may not appear or mature at the same time, or pollen from the same plant
may be incapable of fertilizing its ovules. The latter flower types,
which have chemical barriers to their own pollen, are referred to as
self-sterile or self-incompatible (see also: Plant sexuality).
Evolution
Further information: Evolution of flowers
Archaefructus liaoningensis, one of the earliest known flowering plants
Amborella trichopoda, the sister group to the rest of the flowering plants.
While land plants have existed for about 425 million years, the first ones reproduced by a simple adaptation of their aquatic counterparts: spores. In the sea, plants—and some animals—can simply scatter out genetic clones of
themselves to float away and grow elsewhere. This is how early plants
reproduced. But plants soon evolved methods of protecting these copies
to deal with drying out and other abuse which is even more likely on
land than in the sea. The protection became the seed, though it had not yet evolved the flower. Early seed-bearing plants include the ginkgo and conifers. The earliest fossil of a flowering plant, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated about 125 million years old.[6] Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, particularly seed ferns,
have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants but there is no
continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. The
apparently sudden appearance of relatively modern flowers in the fossil
record posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was
called an "abominable mystery" by Charles Darwin. Recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus,
along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms, suggest how
angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps.
Recent DNA analysis (molecular systematics)[7][8] shows that Amborella trichopoda, found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia, is the sister group to the rest of the flowering plants, and morphological studies[9] suggest that it has features which may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.
The
general assumption is that the function of flowers, from the start, was
to involve animals in the reproduction process. Pollen can be scattered
without bright colors and obvious shapes, which would therefore be a
liability, using the plant's resources, unless they provide some other
benefit. One proposed reason for the sudden, fully developed appearance
of flowers is that they evolved in an isolated setting like an island,
or chain of islands, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a
highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for
example), the way many island species develop today. This symbiotic
relationship, with a hypothetical wasp bearing pollen from one plant to
another much the way fig wasps do today, could have eventually resulted in both the plant(s) and their partners developing a high degree of specialization. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation,
especially when it comes to radical adaptations which seem to have
required inferior transitional forms. Note that the wasp example is not
incidental; bees, apparently evolved specifically for symbiotic plant
relationships, are descended from wasps.
Likewise, most fruit used
in plant reproduction comes from the enlargement of parts of the
flower. This fruit is frequently a tool which depends upon animals
wishing to eat it, and thus scattering the seeds it contains.
While many such symbiotic relationships remain
too fragile to survive competition with mainland organisms, flowers
proved to be an unusually effective means of production, spreading
(whatever their actual origin) to become the dominant form of land plant
life.
While
there is only hard proof of such flowers existing about 130 million
years ago, there is some circumstantial evidence that they did exist up
to 250 million years ago. A chemical used by plants to defend their
flowers, oleanane, has been detected in fossil plants that old, including gigantopterids,[10] which
evolved at that time and bear many of the traits of modern, flowering
plants, though they are not known to be flowering plants themselves,
because only their stems and prickles have been found preserved in
detail; one of the earliest examples of petrification.
The similarity in leaf and stem structure
can be very important, because flowers are genetically just an
adaptation of normal leaf and stem components on plants, a combination
of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots.[11] The
most primitive flowers are thought to have had a variable number of
flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The
flowers would have tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female
part). As flowers grew more advanced, some variations developed parts
fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with
either specific sexes per flower or plant, or at least "ovary inferior".
Flower
evolution continues to the present day; modern flowers have been so
profoundly influenced by humans that many of them cannot be pollinated
in nature. Many modern, domesticated flowers used to be simple weeds,
which only sprouted when the ground was disturbed. Some of them tended
to grow with human crops, and the prettiest did not get plucked because
of their beauty, developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to
human affection.[12]
Symbolism
Lilies are often used to denote life or resurrection.
Flowers are common subjects of still life paintings, such as this one by Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder
Main article: Language of flowers
Many flowers have important symbolic meanings in Western culture. The practice of assigning meanings to flowers is known as floriography. Some of the more common examples include:
Red roses are given as a symbol of love, beauty, and passion.
Poppies are
a symbol of consolation in time of death. In the United Kingdom, New
Zealand, Australia and Canada, red poppies are worn to commemorate
soldiers who have died in times of war.
Irises/Lily are
used in burials as a symbol referring to "resurrection/life". It is
also associated with stars (sun) and its petals blooming/shining.
Daisies are a symbol of innocence.
Flowers within art are also representative of the female genitalia, as seen in the works of artists such as Georgia O'Keeffe, Imogen Cunningham,Veronica Ruiz de Velasco, and Judy Chicago,
and in fact in Asian and western classical art. Many cultures around
the world have a marked tendency to associate flowers with femininity.
The
great variety of delicate and beautiful flowers has inspired the works
of numerous poets, especially from the 18th-19th century Romantic era. Famous examples include William Wordsworth's I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and William Blake's Ah! Sun-Flower.
Because
of their varied and colorful appearance, flowers have long been a
favorite subject of visual artists as well. Some of the most celebrated
paintings from well-known painters are of flowers, such as Van Gogh's sunflowers series or Monet's water lilies. Flowers are also dried, freeze dried and pressed in order to create permanent, three-dimensional pieces of flower art.
The Roman goddess of flowers, gardens, and the season of Spring is Flora. The Greek goddess of spring, flowers and nature is Chloris.
In Hindu mythology,
flowers have a significant status. Vishnu, one of the three major gods
in the Hindu system, is often depicted standing straight on alotus flower.[13] Apart from the association with Vishnu, the Hindu tradition also considers the lotus to have spiritual significance.[14] For example, it figures in the Hindu stories of creation.[15]
Usage
Flower market, Detroit's Eastern Market.
In
modern times, people have sought ways to cultivate, buy, wear, or
otherwise be around flowers and blooming plants, partly because of their
agreeable appearance and smell. Around the world, people use flowers for a wide range of events and functions that, cumulatively, encompass one's lifetime:
For new births or ChristeningsAs a corsage or boutonniere to be worn at social functions or for holidays As tokens of love or esteem
For
wedding flowers for the bridal party, and decorations for the hall As
brightening decorations within the home. As a gift of remembrance for
bon voyage parties, welcome home parties, and "thinking of you" gifts
For worshiping goddesses. in Hindu culture it is very common to bring flowers as a gift to temples. People therefore grow flowers around their homes, dedicate entire parts of their living space to flower gardens, pick wildflowers, or buy flowers from florists who
depend on an entire network of commercial growers and shippers to
support their trade. Flowers provide less food than other major plants
parts (seeds, fruits, roots, stems and leaves) but they provide several important foods and spices. Flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. The most expensive spice, saffron, consists of dried stigmas of a crocus. Other flower spices are cloves andcapers. Hops flowers are used to flavor beer. Marigold flowers are fed to chickens to give their egg yolks a golden yellow color, which consumers find more desirable. Dandelion flowers are often made into wine. Bee Pollen, pollen collected from bees, is considered a health food by some people. Honeyconsists of bee-processed flower nectar and is often named for the type of flower, e.g. orange blossom honey, clover honey and tupelo honey.
Hundreds
of fresh flowers are edible but few are widely marketed as food. They
are often used to add color and flavor to salads. Squash flowers are dipped in breadcrumbs and fried. Edible flowers include nasturtium, chrysanthemum, carnation, cattail, honeysuckle, chicory, cornflower, Canna, andsunflower. Some edible flowers are sometimes candied such as daisy and rose (you may also come across a candied pansy).
Flowers can also be made into herbal teas.
Dried flowers such as chrysanthemum, rose, jasmine, camomile are
infused into tea both for their fragrance and medical properties.
Sometimes, they are also mixed with tea leaves for the added fragrance.
Flowers
have been used since as far back as 50,000 years in funeral rituals.
Many cultures do draw a connection between flowers and life and death,
and because of their seasonal return flowers also suggest rebirth, which
is the why many people place flowers upon graves. In ancient times the Greeks would
place a crown of flowers on the head of the deceased as well as cover
the tomb with wreaths and flower petals, rich and powerful women in ancient Egypt would wear floral headdresses and necklaces upon their death as representations of renewal and a joyful afterlife, and theMexicans to this day use flowers prominently in their Day of the Dead celebrations in the same way that their Aztec ancestors did.
Eight Flowers, a painting by artist Qian Xuan, 13th century, Palace Museum, Beijing.
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